Short description of Heracleum mantegazzianum, Giant Hogweed

Aptly named ‘giant’, this umbellifer (member of the cow-parsley family) has flowering stems typically 2-3 m high bearing umbels of flowers up to 80 cm in diameter. The basal leaves are often 1 m or more in size.

Impact summary: Heracleum mantegazzianum, Giant Hogweed

The sap can sensitize human skin to ultra-violet light, leading to severe blisters. Affected skin may remain sensitive for several years. The plant is also a vigorous competitor, producing almost pure stands which exclude native vegetation and hinder anglers.

Habitat summary: Heracleum mantegazzianum, Giant Hogweed

It is especially abundant by lowland streams and rivers, but also occurs widely on waste ground and in rough pastures. It grows on moist fertile soils, achieving its greatest stature in partial shade. In more open grassland, flowering may be delayed by repeated grazing.

Overview table

Environment	Terrestrial
Species status	Non-Native
Native range	Azerbaijan, Gruziya
Functional type	Land plant
Status in England	Non-Native
Status in Scotland	Non-Native
Status in Wales	Non-Native
Location of first record	v.c.29 (Shelford)
Date of first record	1828

Origin

South-West Asia

First Record

First recorded in the wild in 1828 in Cambridgeshire.

Pathway and Method

Introduced to gardens as a monumental curiosity by 1820, and was deliberately planted by rivers and ponds.

Species Status

Widespread and well established in lowlands across England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Has been spreading rapidly, despite control measures.

Dispersal Mechanisms

The species reproduces entirely by seeds; fruits are oval-elliptical broadly winged mericarps (6-18 Ɨ 4-10 mm), which are dispersed by wind, water and humans.

Reproduction

The species is monocarpic, that is, it reproduces only once in its lifetime. Plants are able to self-fertilize. A single plant produces about 20,000 seeds which have to be stratified in the soil in cold and wet conditions during winter and then are highly germinable.

Known Predators/Herbivores

Insect or pathogens have little effect. Grazing by livestock can significantly decrease the reproductive output but also prolong the lifespan before flowering.

Resistant Stages

Seeds form a short-term persistent seed-bank; the majority of them germinate the following year after release and only about 1% of seeds are able to survive more than 3 years in the soil.

Habitat Occupied in GB

Lowland habitats.

Native Range
Western Greater Caucasus.

Known Introduced Range
Covers temperate Europe (with distribution clearly biased towards central and northern part of the continent) and parts of North America. Other invasive relatives, H. sosnowskyi and H. persicum, occur in northern and eastern European countries.

Environmental Impact

The species may form dense stands reducing species diversity.

Health and Social Impact

The plant produces phytotoxic sap. The sap contains photosensitizing furanocoumarins, which in contact with human skin and combined with UV radiation cause skin burnings. The intensity of the reaction depends on individual sensitivity. The danger to human health complicates eradication efforts.

Economic Impact

None known.

Identification

Biology, ecology, spread, vectors

Management and impact

General

DAISIE Factsheet

https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/26911